Literature & Letters
Novelists, poets, philosophers, theologians, New Thought authors, historians and the students of language itself.
Narrow by discipline
- Indexed lives
- 202
- Nobel laureates
- 41
- Countries
- 70
- Earliest birth
- 544 BCE
Curated highlights
Laureates and fully researched profiles first, in order of birth.
Rabindranath Tagore
1861 – 1941First non-European Nobel laureate; wrote two nations' anthems.
Nelson Mandela
1918 – 2013Twenty-seven years in prison, then negotiated the end of apartheid without civil war.
Gabriel García Márquez
1927 – 2014Made the impossible ordinary and gave Latin America its own way of telling time.
Toni Morrison
1931 – 2019Wrote Black American interior life without explaining it to anyone.
Abdulrazak Gurnah
b. 1948Wrote the refugee not as a statistic but as a person with a prior life.
Selma Lagerlöf
1858 – 1940First woman to win the literature Nobel.
Disciplines in this category
Literature
125Novelists, poets and dramatists whose books changed the languages and politics of their countries.
Philosophy
87Thinkers whose arguments about knowledge, ethics and power still govern how courts, schools and states reason.
New Thought
21The New Thought authors behind modern self-help, prosperity teaching and the mind-body movement.
Theology
10Theologians and religious reformers whose writings organised faiths, empires and dissent.
History
23Historians who established how the past is recorded, argued over and used in the present.
Linguistics
1Scholars of language structure, decipherment and the cognitive roots of grammar.
Every figure in Literature & Letters
- Sun Tzu · China
- Zeno of Citium · Cyprus
- Cicero · Italy
- Plutarch · Greece
- Epictetus · Greece
- Zhang Heng · China
- Marcus Aurelius · Italy
- Galen of Pergamon · Türkiye
- Nagarjuna · India
- Augustine of Hippo · Algeria
- Hypatia of Alexandria · Egypt
- Kalidasa · India
- Boethius · Italy
- Adi Shankara · India
- Li Bai · China
- Du Fu · China
- Fatima al-Fihri · Morocco
- Sei Shōnagon · Japan
- Murasaki Shikibu · Japan
- Al-Biruni · Uzbekistan
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna) · Uzbekistan
- Avicenna's student Al-Juzjani · Afghanistan
- Shen Kuo · China
- Omar Khayyam · Iran
- Al-Ghazali · Iran
- Hildegard of Bingen · Germany
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes) · Spain
- Maimonides · Spain
- Rumi · Afghanistan
- Thomas Aquinas · Italy
- Dante Alighieri · Italy
- Ibn Battuta · Morocco
- Hafez · Iran
- Ibn Khaldun · Tunisia
- Geoffrey Chaucer · United Kingdom
- Sejong the Great · South Korea
- Leonardo da Vinci · Italy
- Niccolò Machiavelli · Italy
- Miguel de Cervantes · Spain
- Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti · Mali
- William Shakespeare · United Kingdom
- Thomas Hobbes · United Kingdom
- René Descartes · France
- Blaise Pascal · France
- John Locke · United Kingdom
- Baruch Spinoza · Netherlands
- Matsuo Bashō · Japan
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · Germany
- Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz · Mexico
- Voltaire · France
- Benjamin Franklin · United States
- Cao Xueqin · China
- Adam Smith · United Kingdom
- Immanuel Kant · Germany
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · Germany
- Mary Wollstonecraft · United Kingdom
- Alexander von Humboldt · Germany
- G. W. F. Hegel · Germany
- Jane Austen · United Kingdom
- Mary Shelley · United Kingdom
- Victor Hugo · France
- Phineas Quimby · United States
- John Stuart Mill · United Kingdom
- Søren Kierkegaard · Denmark
- Warren Felt Evans · United States
- Frederick Douglass · United States
- Karl Marx · Germany
- Walt Whitman · United States
- Friedrich Engels · Germany
- Fyodor Dostoevsky · Russia
- Leo Tolstoy · Russia
- Henrik Ibsen · Norway
- Emily Dickinson · United States
- Prentice Mulford · United States
- Machado de Assis · Brazil
- William James · United States
- Friedrich Nietzsche · Germany
- Myrtle Fillmore · United States
- Thomas Troward · United Kingdom
- Kate Sheppard · New Zealand
- Emma Curtis Hopkins · United States
- José Martí · Cuba
- Charles Fillmore · United States
- Sigmund Freud · Austria
- Selma Lagerlöf · Sweden
- John Dewey · United States
- Anton Chekhov · Russia
- Wallace Wattles · United States
- Rabindranath Tagore · India
- José Rizal · Philippines
- Rudolf Steiner · Austria
- Nona Brooks · United States
- William Walker Atkinson · United States
- Max Weber · Germany
- James Allen · United Kingdom
- W. E. B. Du Bois · United States
- Mahatma Gandhi · India
- Florence Scovel Shinn · United States
- Muhammad Iqbal · Pakistan
- Lu Xun · China
- Virginia Woolf · United Kingdom
- James Joyce · Ireland
- Sigrid Undset · Norway
- Franz Kafka · Czech Republic
- Napoleon Hill · United States
- Karl Polanyi · Hungary
- Emmet Fox · Ireland
- Ernest Holmes · United States
- S. Y. Agnon · Israel
- Fernando Pessoa · Portugal
- Anna Akhmatova · Ukraine
- Gabriela Mistral · Chile
- Ludwig Wittgenstein · Austria
- Ho Chi Minh · Vietnam
- B. R. Ambedkar · India
- William Faulkner · United States
- Federico García Lorca · Spain
- Norman Vincent Peale · United States
- Joseph Murphy · Ireland
- Yasunari Kawabata · Japan
- Ernest Hemingway · United States
- Jorge Luis Borges · Argentina
- Miguel Ángel Asturias · Guatemala
- Karl Popper · Austria
- Halldór Laxness · Iceland
- Pablo Neruda · Chile
- Jean-Paul Sartre · France
- Elias Canetti · Bulgaria
- Neville Goddard · Barbados
- Viktor Frankl · Austria
- Léopold Sédar Senghor · Senegal
- Kurt Gödel · Czech Republic
- Hannah Arendt · Germany
- Rachel Carson · United States
- Simone de Beauvoir · France
- Simone Weil · France
- Naguib Mahfouz · Egypt
- Czesław Miłosz · Poland
- Patrick White · Australia
- Arne Næss · Norway
- Albert Camus · France
- Octavio Paz · Mexico
- Nelson Mandela · South Africa
- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn · Russia
- Primo Levi · Italy
- Iris Murdoch · United Kingdom
- Clarice Lispector · Brazil
- John Rawls · United States
- Paulo Freire · Brazil
- José Saramago · Portugal
- Nadine Gordimer · South Africa
- Ousmane Sembène · Senegal
- Amílcar Cabral · Guinea-Bissau
- James Baldwin · United States
- Frantz Fanon · France
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer · Indonesia
- Louise Hay · United States
- Gabriel García Márquez · Colombia
- Ahmadou Kourouma · Ivory Coast
- Catherine Ponder · United States
- Mariama Bâ · Senegal
- Martin Luther King Jr. · United States
- Chinua Achebe · Nigeria
- Derek Walcott · Saint Lucia
- Kamau Brathwaite · Barbados
- Toni Morrison · United States
- Nawal El Saadawi · Egypt
- Alice Munro · Canada
- Kwasi Wiredu · Ghana
- V. S. Naipaul · Trinidad and Tobago
- Ali Mazrui · Kenya
- Amartya Sen · India
- Wole Soyinka · Nigeria
- Kenzaburō Ōe · Japan
- Assia Djebar · Algeria
- Mario Vargas Llosa · Peru
- Bessie Head · Botswana
- Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o · Kenya
- Margaret Atwood · Canada
- Albert Wendt · Samoa
- Epeli Hau'ofa · Fiji
- J. M. Coetzee · South Africa
- Eduardo Galeano · Uruguay
- Bob Dylan · United States
- Witi Ihimaera · New Zealand
- Nuruddin Farah · Somalia
- Martha Nussbaum · United States
- Abdulrazak Gurnah · Tanzania
- Svetlana Alexievich · Belarus
- David Frawley · United States
- Orhan Pamuk · Türkiye
- Vandana Shiva · India
- Mia Couto · Mozambique
- Mo Yan · China
- Michael Beckwith · United States
- Tsitsi Dangarembga · Zimbabwe
- Ben Okri · Nigeria
- Rigoberta Menchú · Guatemala
- Olga Tokarczuk · Poland
- Han Kang · South Korea
- Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie · Nigeria
- Malala Yousafzai · Pakistan