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Founded anthroposophic medicine with Ita Wegman; still practised in European hospitals.

Physician of Unani medicine who built its modern colleges and led the Indian National Congress.

German émigré who founded American naturopathy and its first college in 1902.

Co-authored the founding text of anthroposophic medicine and opened its first clinic in Arlesheim.

Menninger researcher who founded clinical biofeedback and self-regulation therapy.

Exported Transcendental Meditation and revived classical Ayurveda as a global health programme.

Turned yoga into a precise therapeutic method taught in clinics and studios worldwide.

Personal physician to the Dalai Lama who preserved Tibetan medicine through 17 years of imprisonment.

Carried macrobiotics from postwar Japan to the West and into the diet-and-disease debate.

Systematised classical homeopathy teaching; Right Livelihood laureate in 1996.

Documented the relaxation response at Harvard and made mind-body medicine measurable.

Built The Healer's Art curriculum, taught in medical schools on four continents.

Founded the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine and trained a generation of fellows.

Created Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in 1979; now standard in clinics worldwide.

Physician of addiction and trauma; reframed illness as a response to lived adversity.

Discovered the opiate receptor and argued the body is a single emotional-molecular network.

Endocrinologist turned global voice of mind-body medicine; contested by clinical researchers.

Proved lifestyle change can reverse coronary artery disease; first such programme reimbursed by Medicare.

His 1993 survey of unconventional therapy use forced US medicine to take the field seriously.

Directed the NIH Office of Alternative Medicine and built the evidence agenda for whole-person care.

Herbalist-physician who shaped US botanical-medicine standards and education.