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Republican theory and oratory that still frame constitutional argument.

Founded sociology and economic history with the Muqaddimah.

The Prince separated political analysis from moral instruction.

Leviathan founded the modern theory of sovereignty and the social contract.

Consent, property and toleration — the template for liberal constitutions.

Separation of powers, copied into nearly every written constitution since.

The Wealth of Nations founded economics as a discipline.

Designed American public credit, the national bank and industrial policy.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman founded feminist political theory.

Population pressure as an economic law; the argument every food and climate debate revisits.

Comparative advantage and rent theory — still the core argument for trade.

Led six nations to independence and drafted their founding constitutions.

Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty joined markets to individual freedom.

Das Kapital made class, capital and crisis the permanent grammar of economic argument.

The Condition of the Working Class in England founded empirical labour economics.

Built modern steel and then invented large-scale philanthropy.

Founded Indian heavy industry and the philanthropic corporate model behind it.

Scientific management — the origin of every productivity metric and its discontents.

The Science of Getting Rich turned New Thought toward prosperity and later inspired The Secret.

The moving assembly line and the five-dollar day created mass consumer industry.

Linked bureaucracy, religion and capitalism; founded the sociology of organisations.

Three Principles of the People underwrote the republican transformation of China.

Built a national cosmetics company and became America's first self-made Black woman millionaire.

Argued governments should spend in a slump — and every modern state now does.

Creative destruction — the standard account of how innovation reshapes industries.

Think and Grow Rich carried New Thought into business self-help; his sourcing remains disputed.

The Great Transformation showed markets are made by states, not found in nature.

Principal architect of India's constitution and Dalit emancipation.

Cumulative causation and the economics of racial inequality in America.

Prices as information; the intellectual engine of late-century market liberalism.

Statistical quality control rebuilt Japanese manufacturing and then global industry.

Centre-periphery theory drove Latin American development strategy for decades.

Computer architecture, game theory, quantum foundations.

Imperfect competition and a lifelong challenge to orthodox capital theory.

The Origins of Totalitarianism remains the reference work on how republics fail.

Invented management as a discipline and named the knowledge worker.

Led Ghana to independence and theorised neo-colonial economic dependence.

Monetarism, floating exchange rates and a generation of deregulation.

Designed the Toyota Production System — lean manufacturing worldwide.

Co-authored the monetary history that reshaped central banking doctrine.

Mathematised economics and wrote the textbook that taught the postwar world.

Turned a port city into a high-income state — the developmental-state exemplar and its critics.

Unity minister whose prosperity books shaped late-century abundance teaching.

Recast famine as a failure of entitlement, not food supply.

Showed communities can govern shared resources without markets or states.

Prospect theory founded behavioural economics and modern policy 'nudging'.

Africa's first elected woman head of state; rebuilt post-war Liberia.

Lent $27 of his own money and started a global industry for the poor.

Kicking Away the Ladder documented how rich states industrialised behind protection.

The Entrepreneurial State reframed public investment as the source of major innovation.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century put wealth inequality data at the centre of policy.

Randomised trials made development aid an experimental science.