Biology
Biology explains how life copies, varies and fails. From evolutionary theory to the structure of DNA and the tools of genome editing, the work indexed here now drives agriculture, conservation, vaccine design and personalised medicine.
36 indexed lives · 16 Nobel laureates · 21 countries
Where to start
Katalin Karikó
b. 1955Demoted, defunded, and right: her mRNA work produced the COVID vaccines.
Camillo Golgi
1843 – 1926The silver stain that made neurons visible.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1852 – 1934Founded neuroscience by drawing the neuron doctrine.
Nobel recognition in Biology
- Camillo Golgi
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1906
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1906
- Alexander Fleming
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
- Erwin Schrödinger
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1933
- Macfarlane Burnet
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1960
- Barbara McClintock
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1983
- Rita Levi-Montalcini
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1986
- Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1963
- Francis Crick
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962
- Maurice Wilkins
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962
- Ada Yonath
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2009
- Wangari Maathai
Nobel Peace Prize, 2004
- Elizabeth Blackburn
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009
- Katalin Karikó
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2023
- Shinya Yamanaka
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2012
- Jennifer Doudna
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2020
Biology across the centuries
1st–5th century · 1
15th–17th century · 4
18th century · 3
19th century · 12
- Charles Darwin1809 – 1882
- Louis Pasteur1822 – 1895
- Gregor Mendel1822 – 1884
- Camillo Golgi1843 – 1926
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal1852 – 1934
- George Washington Carver1864 – 1943
- Carlos Chagas1879 – 1934
- Marie Stopes1880 – 1958
- Alexander Fleming1881 – 1955
- Nikolai Vavilov1887 – 1943
- Erwin Schrödinger1887 – 1961
- Macfarlane Burnet1899 – 1985
20th century · 16
- Barbara McClintock1902 – 1992
- Rachel Carson1907 – 1964
- Rita Levi-Montalcini1909 – 2012
- Alan Turing1912 – 1954
- Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley1914 – 1998
- Francis Crick1916 – 2004
- Maurice Wilkins1916 – 2004
- Rosalind Franklin1920 – 1958
- Marie Tharp1920 – 2006
- Ada Yonathb. 1939
- Wangari Maathai1940 – 2011
- Elizabeth Blackburnb. 1948
- Katalin Karikób. 1955
- Mia Coutob. 1955
- Shinya Yamanakab. 1962
- Jennifer Doudnab. 1964