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Proved handwashing saves mothers' lives; ridiculed and died in an asylum.

Proved that invisible organisms cause disease — and that we can beat them.

The silver stain that made neurons visible.

Founded neuroscience by drawing the neuron doctrine.

Invented psychoanalysis and the modern language of the unconscious.

Doctor-playwright who invented modern drama's subtext.

The only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

Isolated a pancreatic hormone before the Toronto insulin team.

Co-authored the founding text of anthroposophic medicine and opened its first clinic in Arlesheim.

Opened Britain's first birth-control clinic; the charity still operates in 37 countries.

Penicillin; antibiotics have saved an estimated 200 million lives.