Austria: the essential lives

Invented psychoanalysis and the modern language of the unconscious.

Founded anthroposophic medicine with Ita Wegman; still practised in European hospitals.

Explained nuclear fission; passed over by the Nobel committee. Element 109 is meitnerium.

Creative destruction — the standard account of how innovation reshapes industries.

Wave mechanics and What Is Life?, which inspired the DNA hunters.

Twice redirected philosophy — first with logical form, then with language as use.

Prices as information; the intellectual engine of late-century market liberalism.

Falsifiability became science's demarcation criterion.

Logotherapy: meaning as the primary human drive, tested in the camps.

Invented management as a discipline and named the knowledge worker.