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Coined 'gas' and ran the first quantitative plant-growth experiment.

Named oxygen, killed phlogiston, founded modern chemistry; guillotined at 50.

Built the first battery; the volt is his.

A bookbinder's apprentice who gave humanity electricity on demand.

Proved that invisible organisms cause disease — and that we can beat them.

Invented dynamite, then endowed the prizes to redeem the legacy.

Arranged the elements so precisely that he could describe ones nobody had found.

The only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

Ammonia synthesis feeds around half of humanity; also weaponised chlorine gas.

Explained nuclear fission; passed over by the Nobel committee. Element 109 is meitnerium.

Solved the structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin by X-ray.

Chemist whose Auschwitz testimony is the standard of moral witness.

Photographed the shape of the molecule that makes us.

Demoted, defunded, and right: her mRNA work produced the COVID vaccines.