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Led the campaign that won Ayurveda statutory recognition in independent India.

Predicted the meson and the nuclear strong force.

Wrote New Acupuncture (1951) and led the state institute that standardised the practice.

Worked out at nineteen why some stars must collapse into black holes.

Surgeon-acupuncturist who built a biophysical model of meridian therapy.

Designed the Toyota Production System — lean manufacturing worldwide.

Master physician of Guangzhou whose spleen-stomach theory shaped modern TCM curricula.

Exported Transcendental Meditation and revived classical Ayurveda as a global health programme.

Turned yoga into a precise therapeutic method taught in clinics and studios worldwide.

The century's most celebrated pulse diagnostician; chaired India's central Ayurvedic council.

Personal physician to the Dalai Lama who preserved Tibetan medicine through 17 years of imprisonment.

Turned a port city into a high-income state — the developmental-state exemplar and its critics.

Composed the Buru Quartet orally in a prison camp.

Unified the electromagnetic and weak forces; first Muslim science laureate.

Carried macrobiotics from postwar Japan to the West and into the diet-and-disease debate.

Extracted artemisinin from ancient texts; millions of malaria deaths averted.

Recast famine as a failure of entitlement, not food supply.

Prospect theory founded behavioural economics and modern policy 'nudging'.

Wrote disability, Hiroshima and postwar conscience.

Mapped the ribosome, the cell's protein factory and antibiotic target.

Lent $27 of his own money and started a global industry for the poor.

Pioneer of reverse pharmacology, translating classical formulas into clinical trials.

Founded the Ayurvedic Institute in New Mexico and trained the first Western practitioners.

Fifteen years under house arrest; later a contested civilian leader.

Endocrinologist turned global voice of mind-body medicine; contested by clinical researchers.

Novelist of Istanbul's melancholy and East–West fracture.

Philosopher of seed sovereignty and critic of industrial agriculture.

Freed tens of thousands of children from bonded labour.

Hallucinatory realism of rural Shandong across China's violent century.

Reprogrammed adult cells into stem cells, remaking regenerative medicine.

Kicking Away the Ladder documented how rich states industrialised behind protection.

Made yoga and Ayurveda a mass movement and a corporate empire; repeatedly censured over health claims.

Confronts historical trauma and bodily fragility; The Vegetarian, Human Acts.

Journalist who led Yemen's 2011 uprising.

Shot for going to school; now the youngest Nobel laureate in history.