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Menninger researcher who founded clinical biofeedback and self-regulation therapy.

Documented the relaxation response at Harvard and made mind-body medicine measurable.

Built The Healer's Art curriculum, taught in medical schools on four continents.

Founded the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine and trained a generation of fellows.

Created Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in 1979; now standard in clinics worldwide.

Physician of addiction and trauma; reframed illness as a response to lived adversity.

Discovered the opiate receptor and argued the body is a single emotional-molecular network.

Proved lifestyle change can reverse coronary artery disease; first such programme reimbursed by Medicare.

His 1993 survey of unconventional therapy use forced US medicine to take the field seriously.

Directed the NIH Office of Alternative Medicine and built the evidence agenda for whole-person care.

Herbalist-physician who shaped US botanical-medicine standards and education.