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Solved the structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin by X-ray.

Chemist whose Auschwitz testimony is the standard of moral witness.

Photographed the shape of the molecule that makes us.

Monoclonal antibodies — now a $200bn class of medicines.

Conductive polymers — flexible screens and printed electronics.

Extracted artemisinin from ancient texts; millions of malaria deaths averted.

Mapped the ribosome, the cell's protein factory and antibiotic target.

Proved CFCs destroy ozone; his work produced the Montreal Protocol.

Founded femtochemistry, filming chemical bonds as they break.

Coined and codified functional medicine; founded the Institute for Functional Medicine in 1991.

Demoted, defunded, and right: her mRNA work produced the COVID vaccines.

CRISPR gene editing, now in approved sickle-cell therapy.