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Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty joined markets to individual freedom.

Explained the whole of life with one mechanism: descent with modification.

Wrote the first algorithm intended for a machine and saw computing beyond numbers.

Four equations that unified electricity, magnetism and light — hence radio and Wi-Fi.

Indian-service judge whose Edinburgh Lectures gave New Thought a systematic metaphysics.

Wrote As a Man Thinketh, the movement's most reprinted book.

Opened Britain's first birth-control clinic; the charity still operates in 37 countries.

Penicillin; antibiotics have saved an estimated 200 million lives.

Stream of consciousness and A Room of One's Own.

Argued governments should spend in a slump — and every modern state now does.