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Built the first seismoscope and mapped 2,500 stars.

Physician to gladiators and emperors whose anatomy ruled medicine for 1,400 years.

Gave place-value, an accurate π, and a rotating Earth in 499 CE.

Gave the world algebra and, through his own name, the algorithm.

Distinguished smallpox from measles and pioneered clinical case records.

Founded optics and the experimental method in the Book of Optics.

Measured Earth's radius to within 1% and wrote the first comparative anthropology of India.

Wrote the medical textbook that trained Europe's doctors until 1650.

Built an astronomical clock tower with the first known escapement chain drive.

Described the magnetic compass and deduced geological deep time.

Solved cubics geometrically, reformed the calendar, wrote the Rubaiyat.

Tusi couple; his planetary models likely reached Copernicus.

Sultan-astronomer whose star catalogue stood unmatched for two centuries.

Raman scattering, now the basis of a ubiquitous laboratory spectroscopy.

Bose–Einstein statistics; the boson is named after him.

Predicted the meson and the nuclear strong force.

Worked out at nineteen why some stars must collapse into black holes.

Unified the electromagnetic and weak forces; first Muslim science laureate.

Extracted artemisinin from ancient texts; millions of malaria deaths averted.

Mapped the ribosome, the cell's protein factory and antibiotic target.

Reprogrammed adult cells into stem cells, remaking regenerative medicine.