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Physician to gladiators and emperors whose anatomy ruled medicine for 1,400 years.

Treatise on Cold Damage remains a foundation of Chinese medicine.

Distinguished smallpox from measles and pioneered clinical case records.

Wrote the medical textbook that trained Europe's doctors until 1650.

Preserved and completed Ibn Sina's corpus.

First great synthesiser of Chinese and Western medicine; his case records still teach clinicians.

Ophthalmologist whose novels ignited the Philippine revolution; executed at 35.

Physician of Unani medicine who built its modern colleges and led the Indian National Congress.

Founded Arya Vaidya Sala at Kottakkal and industrialised classical Ayurvedic pharmacy.

Rescued acupuncture from abolition and rebuilt it on anatomical terms with filiform needles.

Revived Kampo in Japan and secured its place inside the national health insurance system.

Led the campaign that won Ayurveda statutory recognition in independent India.

Wrote New Acupuncture (1951) and led the state institute that standardised the practice.

Surgeon-acupuncturist who built a biophysical model of meridian therapy.

Master physician of Guangzhou whose spleen-stomach theory shaped modern TCM curricula.

Exported Transcendental Meditation and revived classical Ayurveda as a global health programme.

Turned yoga into a precise therapeutic method taught in clinics and studios worldwide.

The century's most celebrated pulse diagnostician; chaired India's central Ayurvedic council.

Personal physician to the Dalai Lama who preserved Tibetan medicine through 17 years of imprisonment.

Carried macrobiotics from postwar Japan to the West and into the diet-and-disease debate.

Extracted artemisinin from ancient texts; millions of malaria deaths averted.

Prospect theory founded behavioural economics and modern policy 'nudging'.

Pioneer of reverse pharmacology, translating classical formulas into clinical trials.

Founded the Ayurvedic Institute in New Mexico and trained the first Western practitioners.

Endocrinologist turned global voice of mind-body medicine; contested by clinical researchers.

Reprogrammed adult cells into stem cells, remaking regenerative medicine.

Made yoga and Ayurveda a mass movement and a corporate empire; repeatedly censured over health claims.