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Falsifiability became science's demarcation criterion.

Independent People gave a small nation a world literature.

Existentialism's public face; declined the Nobel Prize in 1964.

Crowds and Power analysed mass psychology and dictatorship.

Logotherapy: meaning as the primary human drive, tested in the camps.

Incompleteness theorems set permanent limits on formal systems.

The Origins of Totalitarianism remains the reference work on how republics fail.

The Second Sex founded modern feminist philosophy.

Wrote on attention, affliction and rootedness while working the factory floor.

The Captive Mind dissected intellectual submission to totalitarianism.

Founded deep ecology and the case for nature's intrinsic worth.

The Plague and The Myth of Sisyphus; absurdism as an ethic.

The Gulag Archipelago broke the Soviet system's moral standing.

Chemist whose Auschwitz testimony is the standard of moral witness.

The Sovereignty of Good returned attention and love to moral philosophy.

Blindness and the parable of institutional collapse.

Psychiatrist whose Wretched of the Earth remains the core text of decolonisation.

Built a new documentary genre from thousands of interviews.

Flights and The Books of Jacob; constellation-form fiction.