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Falsifiability became science's demarcation criterion.

Existentialism's public face; declined the Nobel Prize in 1964.

Crowds and Power analysed mass psychology and dictatorship.

Taught imagination as the sole creative power; 'assume the feeling of the wish fulfilled'.

Logotherapy: meaning as the primary human drive, tested in the camps.

Poet-president who co-founded Négritude.

Incompleteness theorems set permanent limits on formal systems.

The Origins of Totalitarianism remains the reference work on how republics fail.

The Second Sex founded modern feminist philosophy.

Wrote on attention, affliction and rootedness while working the factory floor.

Founded deep ecology and the case for nature's intrinsic worth.

The Plague and The Myth of Sisyphus; absurdism as an ethic.

The Labyrinth of Solitude defined Mexican self-understanding.

Twenty-seven years in prison, then negotiated the end of apartheid without civil war.

The Sovereignty of Good returned attention and love to moral philosophy.

A Theory of Justice: fairness derived from behind the veil of ignorance.

Pedagogy of the Oppressed rewrote literacy teaching for the global south.

Agronomist whose theory of culture and liberation shaped decolonisation.

Psychiatrist whose Wretched of the Earth remains the core text of decolonisation.

Letter from Birmingham Jail and a movement that rewrote American law.

Built modern African philosophy on Akan concepts and consensual democracy.

Defined the 'triple heritage' framework for African identity.

Recast famine as a failure of entitlement, not food supply.

Anatomies of power across the Andes and the Caribbean.

'Our Sea of Islands' reframed the Pacific as vast, not small.

Capabilities approach to justice, and a defence of emotion in public reason.

Vedic scholar whose texts linked Ayurveda, yoga and jyotish for Western students.

Philosopher of seed sovereignty and critic of industrial agriculture.