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Les Misérables made poverty a moral emergency for a continent.

Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty joined markets to individual freedom.

First existentialist; wrote on anxiety, despair and the leap of faith.

Das Kapital made class, capital and crisis the permanent grammar of economic argument.

The Condition of the Working Class in England founded empirical labour economics.

Took the reader inside the mind that has decided to do the terrible thing.

War and Peace; his nonviolence doctrine directly shaped Gandhi.

A Doll's House detonated 19th-century assumptions about marriage.

Genealogy of morals, the will to power and the revaluation of all values.

Indian-service judge whose Edinburgh Lectures gave New Thought a systematic metaphysics.

Invented psychoanalysis and the modern language of the unconscious.

First woman to win the literature Nobel.

Doctor-playwright who invented modern drama's subtext.

Founded anthroposophic medicine with Ita Wegman; still practised in European hospitals.

Linked bureaucracy, religion and capitalism; founded the sociology of organisations.

Wrote As a Man Thinketh, the movement's most reprinted book.

Stream of consciousness and A Room of One's Own.

Ulysses reorganised what a novel could attempt.

Kristin Lavransdatter; medieval Norway rendered with modern psychology.

Gave bureaucratic dread an adjective in every major language.

The Great Transformation showed markets are made by states, not found in nature.

Filled New York auditoriums in the Depression; his writing shaped early Alcoholics Anonymous.

Wrote as dozens of invented authors; The Book of Disquiet.

Requiem memorised by friends because writing it down was fatal.

Twice redirected philosophy — first with logical form, then with language as use.

Poet and dramatist murdered by fascists; Spain's enduring wound.

Recast affirmation as subconscious programming for a postwar readership.