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Clockmaker turned mental healer whose notebooks seeded the entire New Thought movement.

Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty joined markets to individual freedom.

First existentialist; wrote on anxiety, despair and the leap of faith.

Swedenborgian minister who wrote the first systematic books of mental-cure philosophy.

His Narrative was abolition's most powerful weapon.

Das Kapital made class, capital and crisis the permanent grammar of economic argument.

Took the reader inside the mind that has decided to do the terrible thing.

War and Peace; his nonviolence doctrine directly shaped Gandhi.

Founded American psychology and, with Peirce, pragmatism; studied New Thought as 'mind-cure'.

Genealogy of morals, the will to power and the revaluation of all values.

Indian-service judge whose Edinburgh Lectures gave New Thought a systematic metaphysics.

Poet-revolutionary whose essays founded Cuban and pan-American thought.

Invented psychoanalysis and the modern language of the unconscious.

Pragmatist whose learning-by-doing reshaped schools on every continent.

First non-European Nobel laureate; wrote two nations' anthems.

Founded anthroposophic medicine with Ita Wegman; still practised in European hospitals.

The Souls of Black Folk and the concept of double consciousness.

Turned nonviolent resistance into a working political technology.

Poet-philosopher who conceived the idea of Pakistan.

Founded Religious Science and wrote The Science of Mind, its systematic textbook.

Twice redirected philosophy — first with logical form, then with language as use.

Wrote Vietnam's declaration of independence quoting Jefferson.

Principal architect of India's constitution and Dalit emancipation.

Invented the labyrinth-library imagination that prefigured hypertext.