Browse the index
Filter by category and discipline, then by continent, country and century of birth. Countries not yet represented can be drafted at the research desk.
Category
Era
8 figures
Niccolò Machiavelli
1469 – 1527The Prince separated political analysis from moral instruction.
Italy·Politics · Philosophy
Thomas Hobbes
1588 – 1679Leviathan founded the modern theory of sovereignty and the social contract.
United Kingdom·Politics · Philosophy
René Descartes
1596 – 1650Cogito ergo sum and coordinate geometry.
France·Philosophy · Mathematics
Blaise Pascal
1623 – 1662Probability theory, hydrostatics, and a mechanical calculator at nineteen.
France·Mathematics · Physics · Philosophy
John Locke
1632 – 1704Consent, property and toleration — the template for liberal constitutions.
United Kingdom·Politics · Philosophy
Baruch Spinoza
1632 – 1677Ethics identified God with Nature and grounded secular democratic thought.
Netherlands·Philosophy
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1646 – 1716Calculus notation we still use, and binary arithmetic.
Germany·Mathematics · Philosophy · Computing
Voltaire
1694 – 1778Weaponised satire for tolerance and free expression.
France·Literature · Philosophy