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Polio vaccine, unpatented — 'could you patent the sun?'

Ran the first double-blind trials in psychiatry and founded orthomolecular medicine with high-dose niacin.

Monoclonal antibodies — now a $200bn class of medicines.

Documented the relaxation response at Harvard and made mind-body medicine measurable.

Framed clinical practice around the tack rule — take out what harms, put in what's missing.

Wrote The Web That Has No Weaver, then founded Harvard's programme in placebo studies.

Co-founded Bastyr University, the first accredited natural-medicine university in the United States.

Proved lifestyle change can reverse coronary artery disease; first such programme reimbursed by Medicare.

Co-discovered nucleoside-modified mRNA.