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Discovered jumping genes decades before the field caught up.

Silent Spring launched the environmental movement and got DDT banned.

Discovered nerve growth factor in a bedroom lab under fascist persecution.

Defined what a computer is, then was destroyed by the country he saved.

Explained the nerve impulse in mathematical terms.

Co-described the double helix and the central dogma of molecular biology.

Shared the DNA structure Nobel.

Photographed the shape of the molecule that makes us.

Mapped the ocean floor and proved continental drift.

Mapped the ribosome, the cell's protein factory and antibiotic target.

Green Belt Movement founder; 51 million trees and a democracy campaign.

Discovered telomerase, central to ageing and cancer research.

Demoted, defunded, and right: her mRNA work produced the COVID vaccines.

Biologist-novelist who reinvented Portuguese in Mozambican terms.

Reprogrammed adult cells into stem cells, remaking regenerative medicine.

CRISPR gene editing, now in approved sickle-cell therapy.