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Founded Indian heavy industry and the philanthropic corporate model behind it.

First great synthesiser of Chinese and Western medicine; his case records still teach clinicians.

First non-European Nobel laureate; wrote two nations' anthems.

Ophthalmologist whose novels ignited the Philippine revolution; executed at 35.

Three Principles of the People underwrote the republican transformation of China.

Physician of Unani medicine who built its modern colleges and led the Indian National Congress.

Turned nonviolent resistance into a working political technology.

Founded Arya Vaidya Sala at Kottakkal and industrialised classical Ayurvedic pharmacy.

Poet-philosopher who conceived the idea of Pakistan.

Founded modern Chinese literature and diagnosed a nation in vernacular prose.

Self-taught genius whose notebooks still yield theorems a century later.

Raman scattering, now the basis of a ubiquitous laboratory spectroscopy.

Rebuilt Hebrew as a modern literary language.

Wrote Vietnam's declaration of independence quoting Jefferson.

Principal architect of India's constitution and Dalit emancipation.

Bose–Einstein statistics; the boson is named after him.

First Japanese literature laureate; Snow Country and The Old Capital.

Rescued acupuncture from abolition and rebuilt it on anatomical terms with filiform needles.

Revived Kampo in Japan and secured its place inside the national health insurance system.