Browse the index

Filter by category and discipline, then by continent, country and century of birth. Countries not yet represented can be drafted at the research desk.

15 figures

Victor Hugo

1802 – 1885

Les Misérables made poverty a moral emergency for a continent.

France·Literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky

1821 – 1881

Took the reader inside the mind that has decided to do the terrible thing.

Russia·Literature · PhilosophyFull profile

Leo Tolstoy

1828 – 1910

War and Peace; his nonviolence doctrine directly shaped Gandhi.

Russia·Literature · Philosophy

Henrik Ibsen

1828 – 1906

A Doll's House detonated 19th-century assumptions about marriage.

Norway·Literature

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844 – 1900

Genealogy of morals, the will to power and the revaluation of all values.

Germany·Philosophy · Literature

Selma Lagerlöf

1858 – 1940

First woman to win the literature Nobel.

Sweden·LiteratureNobel

Anton Chekhov

1860 – 1904

Doctor-playwright who invented modern drama's subtext.

Russia·Literature · Medicine

James Allen

1864 – 1912

Wrote As a Man Thinketh, the movement's most reprinted book.

United Kingdom·New Thought · Literature

Virginia Woolf

1882 – 1941

Stream of consciousness and A Room of One's Own.

United Kingdom·Literature

James Joyce

1882 – 1941

Ulysses reorganised what a novel could attempt.

Ireland·Literature

Sigrid Undset

1882 – 1949

Kristin Lavransdatter; medieval Norway rendered with modern psychology.

Norway·LiteratureNobel

Franz Kafka

1883 – 1924

Gave bureaucratic dread an adjective in every major language.

Czech Republic·Literature

Fernando Pessoa

1888 – 1935

Wrote as dozens of invented authors; The Book of Disquiet.

Portugal·Literature

Anna Akhmatova

1889 – 1966

Requiem memorised by friends because writing it down was fatal.

Ukraine·Literature

Federico García Lorca

1898 – 1936

Poet and dramatist murdered by fascists; Spain's enduring wound.

Spain·Literature