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Category
Era
15 figures
Victor Hugo
1802 – 1885Les Misérables made poverty a moral emergency for a continent.
Fyodor Dostoevsky
1821 – 1881Took the reader inside the mind that has decided to do the terrible thing.
Leo Tolstoy
1828 – 1910War and Peace; his nonviolence doctrine directly shaped Gandhi.
Henrik Ibsen
1828 – 1906A Doll's House detonated 19th-century assumptions about marriage.
Friedrich Nietzsche
1844 – 1900Genealogy of morals, the will to power and the revaluation of all values.
Selma Lagerlöf
1858 – 1940First woman to win the literature Nobel.
Anton Chekhov
1860 – 1904Doctor-playwright who invented modern drama's subtext.
James Allen
1864 – 1912Wrote As a Man Thinketh, the movement's most reprinted book.
Virginia Woolf
1882 – 1941Stream of consciousness and A Room of One's Own.
James Joyce
1882 – 1941Ulysses reorganised what a novel could attempt.
Sigrid Undset
1882 – 1949Kristin Lavransdatter; medieval Norway rendered with modern psychology.
Franz Kafka
1883 – 1924Gave bureaucratic dread an adjective in every major language.
Fernando Pessoa
1888 – 1935Wrote as dozens of invented authors; The Book of Disquiet.
Anna Akhmatova
1889 – 1966Requiem memorised by friends because writing it down was fatal.
Federico García Lorca
1898 – 1936Poet and dramatist murdered by fascists; Spain's enduring wound.