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Proved that invisible organisms cause disease — and that we can beat them.

Invented dynamite, then endowed the prizes to redeem the legacy.

Arranged the elements so precisely that he could describe ones nobody had found.

The only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

Ammonia synthesis feeds around half of humanity; also weaponised chlorine gas.

Explained nuclear fission; passed over by the Nobel committee. Element 109 is meitnerium.