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7 figures
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1646 – 1716Calculus notation we still use, and binary arithmetic.
Germany·Mathematics · Philosophy · Computing
Immanuel Kant
1724 – 1804The categorical imperative and the limits of knowledge.
Germany·Philosophy
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1749 – 1832A poet who also did serious science, and defined what a modern European is.
Germany·Literature · Biology · PhilosophyFull profile
G. W. F. Hegel
1770 – 1831Dialectic and the history of spirit; the pivot from which Marx and existentialism both turn.
Germany·Philosophy
Karl Marx
1818 – 1883Das Kapital made class, capital and crisis the permanent grammar of economic argument.
Germany·Political Economy · Philosophy
Friedrich Nietzsche
1844 – 1900Genealogy of morals, the will to power and the revaluation of all values.
Germany·Philosophy · Literature
Hannah Arendt
1906 – 1975The Origins of Totalitarianism remains the reference work on how republics fail.
Germany·Politics · Philosophy · Human Rights