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Era
Countries (85)
All countriesAfghanistan2Algeria2Argentina4Australia5Austria10 (selected filter)Bangladesh1Barbados2Belarus1Belgium2Botswana1Brazil6Bulgaria1Canada6Chile2China18Colombia2Costa Rica1Croatia1Cuba2Cyprus1Czech Republic3Denmark2DR Congo1Egypt6Ethiopia1Fiji1France16Germany21Ghana3Greece3Guatemala2Guinea-Bissau1Hungary5Iceland1India26Indonesia1Iran5Iraq1Ireland4Israel3Italy15Ivory Coast1Japan11Kenya3Liberia2Mali1Mexico3Morocco2Mozambique1Myanmar1Netherlands4New Zealand5Nigeria4Norway3Pakistan3Peru1Philippines1Poland5Portugal2Romania1Russia7Saint Lucia1Samoa1Senegal3Serbia1Singapore1Somalia1South Africa3South Korea3Spain5Sweden4Switzerland1Tanzania1Trinidad and Tobago1Tunisia1Türkiye3Ukraine1United Kingdom34United States76Uruguay1Uzbekistan4Venezuela1Vietnam1Yemen1Zimbabwe1
7 figures
Sigmund Freud
1856 – 1939Invented psychoanalysis and the modern language of the unconscious.
Austria·Medicine · Philosophy
Rudolf Steiner
1861 – 1925Founded anthroposophic medicine with Ita Wegman; still practised in European hospitals.
Austria·Integrative Medicine · Philosophy · Education
Lise Meitner
1878 – 1968Explained nuclear fission; passed over by the Nobel committee. Element 109 is meitnerium.
Austria·Physics · Chemistry
Joseph Schumpeter
1883 – 1950Creative destruction — the standard account of how innovation reshapes industries.
Austria·Economics · Business
Erwin Schrödinger
1887 – 1961Wave mechanics and What Is Life?, which inspired the DNA hunters.
Austria·Physics · BiologyNobel
Ludwig Wittgenstein
1889 – 1951Twice redirected philosophy — first with logical form, then with language as use.
Austria·Philosophy · Linguistics
Friedrich Hayek
1899 – 1992Prices as information; the intellectual engine of late-century market liberalism.
Austria·Economics · Political EconomyNobel