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Founded sociology and economic history with the Muqaddimah.

The Wealth of Nations founded economics as a discipline.

Designed American public credit, the national bank and industrial policy.

Comparative advantage and rent theory — still the core argument for trade.

The Science of Getting Rich turned New Thought toward prosperity and later inspired The Secret.

Argued governments should spend in a slump — and every modern state now does.

Creative destruction — the standard account of how innovation reshapes industries.

Think and Grow Rich carried New Thought into business self-help; his sourcing remains disputed.

Principal architect of India's constitution and Dalit emancipation.

Cumulative causation and the economics of racial inequality in America.

Prices as information; the intellectual engine of late-century market liberalism.

Centre-periphery theory drove Latin American development strategy for decades.

Computer architecture, game theory, quantum foundations.

Imperfect competition and a lifelong challenge to orthodox capital theory.

Monetarism, floating exchange rates and a generation of deregulation.

Co-authored the monetary history that reshaped central banking doctrine.

Mathematised economics and wrote the textbook that taught the postwar world.

Turned a port city into a high-income state — the developmental-state exemplar and its critics.

Unity minister whose prosperity books shaped late-century abundance teaching.

Recast famine as a failure of entitlement, not food supply.

Showed communities can govern shared resources without markets or states.

Prospect theory founded behavioural economics and modern policy 'nudging'.

Africa's first elected woman head of state; rebuilt post-war Liberia.

Lent $27 of his own money and started a global industry for the poor.

Kicking Away the Ladder documented how rich states industrialised behind protection.

The Entrepreneurial State reframed public investment as the source of major innovation.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century put wealth inequality data at the centre of policy.

Randomised trials made development aid an experimental science.