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Centre-periphery theory drove Latin American development strategy for decades.

Computer architecture, game theory, quantum foundations.

Imperfect competition and a lifelong challenge to orthodox capital theory.

The Origins of Totalitarianism remains the reference work on how republics fail.

Invented management as a discipline and named the knowledge worker.

Led Ghana to independence and theorised neo-colonial economic dependence.

Monetarism, floating exchange rates and a generation of deregulation.

Designed the Toyota Production System — lean manufacturing worldwide.

Co-authored the monetary history that reshaped central banking doctrine.

Mathematised economics and wrote the textbook that taught the postwar world.

Turned a port city into a high-income state — the developmental-state exemplar and its critics.

Unity minister whose prosperity books shaped late-century abundance teaching.

Recast famine as a failure of entitlement, not food supply.

Showed communities can govern shared resources without markets or states.

Prospect theory founded behavioural economics and modern policy 'nudging'.

Africa's first elected woman head of state; rebuilt post-war Liberia.

Lent $27 of his own money and started a global industry for the poor.

Kicking Away the Ladder documented how rich states industrialised behind protection.

The Entrepreneurial State reframed public investment as the source of major innovation.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century put wealth inequality data at the centre of policy.

Randomised trials made development aid an experimental science.