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Wrote Confessions, the first true autobiography, and shaped Western theology.

Mathematician and astronomer murdered by a mob; symbol of learning against zealotry.

Founded sociology and economic history with the Muqaddimah.

Timbuktu's greatest scholar; wrote over 40 works and argued against enslavement of Muslims.

Poet-president who co-founded Négritude.

Twenty-seven years in prison, then negotiated the end of apartheid without civil war.

Agronomist whose theory of culture and liberation shaped decolonisation.

Built modern African philosophy on Akan concepts and consensual democracy.

Defined the 'triple heritage' framework for African identity.