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All categoriesLiterature & Letters202Natural Sciences96Mathematics & Computing36Medicine & Healing Traditions99Engineering & Technology24Society, Peace & Law42Economics, Business & Politics52Music & Visual Arts0

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All countries (selected filter)Austria10Belarus1Belgium2Bulgaria1Croatia1Cyprus1Czech Republic3Denmark2France16Germany21Greece3Hungary5Iceland1Ireland4Italy15Netherlands4Norway3Poland5Portugal2Romania1Russia7Serbia1Spain5Sweden4Switzerland1Ukraine1United Kingdom34

4 figures

Leonardo da Vinci

1452 – 1519

Proved that art and science are one act of looking.

Italy·Engineering · Biology · Astronomy · LiteratureFull profile

Andreas Vesalius

1514 – 1564

Dissected humans himself and corrected Galen; founded modern anatomy.

Belgium·Medicine · Biology

Jan Baptist van Helmont

1580 – 1644

Coined 'gas' and ran the first quantitative plant-growth experiment.

Belgium·Chemistry · Biology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1632 – 1723

Ground lenses in a draper's shop and discovered the microbial world.

Netherlands·Biology

The Annals

A working reference, not a finished one.

Curated entries are hand-researched; the research desk drafts new profiles on demand and flags what is uncertain rather than inventing it.

Method

Dates and lineages follow mainstream scholarship. Where a family line is undocumented, we say so — and cite what stands behind every claim.