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Al-Biruni

973 – 1048

Measured Earth's radius to within 1% and wrote the first comparative anthropology of India.

Uzbekistan·Astronomy · Mathematics · History

Avicenna's student Al-Juzjani

980 – 1070

Preserved and completed Ibn Sina's corpus.

Afghanistan·Medicine · History

Shen Kuo

1031 – 1095

Described the magnetic compass and deduced geological deep time.

China·Astronomy · Engineering · History