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Gave the world algebra and, through his own name, the algorithm.

Measured Earth's radius to within 1% and wrote the first comparative anthropology of India.

Wrote the medical textbook that trained Europe's doctors until 1650.

Built an astronomical clock tower with the first known escapement chain drive.

Described the magnetic compass and deduced geological deep time.

Solved cubics geometrically, reformed the calendar, wrote the Rubaiyat.

Tusi couple; his planetary models likely reached Copernicus.

Sultan-astronomer whose star catalogue stood unmatched for two centuries.