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Das Kapital made class, capital and crisis the permanent grammar of economic argument.

The Condition of the Working Class in England founded empirical labour economics.

The four-stroke engine that moved the 20th century.

Built and patented the first practical automobile.

Genealogy of morals, the will to power and the revaluation of all values.

Quantised energy and started quantum theory.

Linked bureaucracy, religion and capitalism; founded the sociology of organisations.

Rewrote space, time, gravity and light in a single year of work.

Noether's theorem links symmetry to conservation laws — the backbone of modern physics.