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Physician to gladiators and emperors whose anatomy ruled medicine for 1,400 years.

Treatise on Cold Damage remains a foundation of Chinese medicine.

Distinguished smallpox from measles and pioneered clinical case records.

Wrote the medical textbook that trained Europe's doctors until 1650.

Preserved and completed Ibn Sina's corpus.

First great synthesiser of Chinese and Western medicine; his case records still teach clinicians.

Ophthalmologist whose novels ignited the Philippine revolution; executed at 35.

Revived Kampo in Japan and secured its place inside the national health insurance system.

Surgeon-acupuncturist who built a biophysical model of meridian therapy.

Personal physician to the Dalai Lama who preserved Tibetan medicine through 17 years of imprisonment.

Extracted artemisinin from ancient texts; millions of malaria deaths averted.

Pioneer of reverse pharmacology, translating classical formulas into clinical trials.

Reprogrammed adult cells into stem cells, remaking regenerative medicine.