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Filter by category and discipline, then by continent, country and century of birth. Countries not yet represented can be drafted at the research desk.

14 figures

Adi Shankara

700 – 750

Systematised Advaita Vedanta and reorganised Hindu monasticism.

India·Philosophy · Theology

Li Bai

701 – 762

Tang poetry's exuberant genius, memorised across East Asia.

China·Literature

Du Fu

712 – 770

The 'poet-historian' whose verse recorded a dynasty's collapse.

China·Literature

Sei Shōnagon

966 – 1017

The Pillow Book invented the list-essay a millennium before the internet.

Japan·Literature

Murasaki Shikibu

973 – 1014

Wrote the world's first psychological novel, a thousand years ago.

Japan·LiteratureFull profile

Al-Biruni

973 – 1048

Measured Earth's radius to within 1% and wrote the first comparative anthropology of India.

Uzbekistan·Astronomy · Mathematics · History

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

980 – 1037

Wrote the medical textbook that trained Europe's doctors until 1650.

Uzbekistan·Medicine · Philosophy · AstronomyFull profile

Avicenna's student Al-Juzjani

980 – 1070

Preserved and completed Ibn Sina's corpus.

Afghanistan·Medicine · History

Shen Kuo

1031 – 1095

Described the magnetic compass and deduced geological deep time.

China·Astronomy · Engineering · History

Omar Khayyam

1048 – 1131

Solved cubics geometrically, reformed the calendar, wrote the Rubaiyat.

Iran·Mathematics · Astronomy · Literature

Al-Ghazali

1058 – 1111

Reoriented Islamic thought toward inwardness and challenged the philosophers on their own ground.

Iran·Philosophy · Theology

Rumi

1207 – 1273

Sufi poet whose Masnavi is among the best-selling poetry on Earth today.

Afghanistan·Literature · Philosophy

Hafez

1325 – 1390

Persia's beloved lyric poet; his divan is still consulted as an oracle.

Iran·Literature

Sejong the Great

1397 – 1450

Commissioned Hangul, the alphabet that made Korea literate.

South Korea·Literature · Engineering