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13 figures

Geoffrey Chaucer

1343 – 1400

Made English a literary language with The Canterbury Tales.

United Kingdom·Literature

William Shakespeare

1564 – 1616

Built the language most of the planet now negotiates in.

United Kingdom·LiteratureFull profile

Thomas Hobbes

1588 – 1679

Leviathan founded the modern theory of sovereignty and the social contract.

United Kingdom·Politics · Philosophy

John Locke

1632 – 1704

Consent, property and toleration — the template for liberal constitutions.

United Kingdom·Politics · Philosophy

Adam Smith

1723 – 1790

The Wealth of Nations founded economics as a discipline.

United Kingdom·Economics · Philosophy

Mary Wollstonecraft

1759 – 1797

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman founded feminist political theory.

United Kingdom·Politics · Philosophy · Literature

Jane Austen

1775 – 1817

Free indirect style and the social novel; still the most adapted author in English.

United Kingdom·Literature

Mary Shelley

1797 – 1851

Frankenstein invented science fiction and the ethics-of-creation debate.

United Kingdom·Literature

John Stuart Mill

1806 – 1873

Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty joined markets to individual freedom.

United Kingdom·Political Economy · Philosophy · Politics

Thomas Troward

1847 – 1916

Indian-service judge whose Edinburgh Lectures gave New Thought a systematic metaphysics.

United Kingdom·New Thought · Philosophy

James Allen

1864 – 1912

Wrote As a Man Thinketh, the movement's most reprinted book.

United Kingdom·New Thought · Literature

Virginia Woolf

1882 – 1941

Stream of consciousness and A Room of One's Own.

United Kingdom·Literature

Iris Murdoch

1919 – 1999

The Sovereignty of Good returned attention and love to moral philosophy.

United Kingdom·Philosophy · Literature